Tetralogy of Fallot

 Tetralogy of Fallot -Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital cardiac abnormality. The primary defects are pulmonary infundibular stenosis and ventricular septal defect (VSD). The VSD is sufficiently large for the pressure in both ventricles to be equal to that of the aorta. The tetralogy is completed by two secondary features, a variable degree of overriding of the...

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Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome -A rare syndrome of pulmonary hypertension associated with a reversed or bidirectional cardiac shunt, occurring through a large communication between the left and right sides of the heart. The defect may be interventricular, interatrial, or aortopulmonary. -The development of Eisenmenger’s syndrome, from the initial left to right shunt, is usually...

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Goodpasture’s Syndrome

 Goodpasture’s Syndrome -A rapidly progressive syndrome of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage, in association with antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) type IV collagen, detectable in plasma by radioimmunoassay and by immunofluorescence techniques on muscle biopsy. -These antibodies cross-react with the alveolar basement membrane, although...

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Gilbert’s Disease

Gilbert’s Disease (Idiopathic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia) -An autosomal dominant, benign condition, in which there is a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin, without either structural liver disease or hemolytic anemia. -It possibly results from an impaired uptake and conjugation of bilirubin, secondary to a deficiency of UDP glucuronyl transferase. -The diagnosis...

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Hydatid Disease

 Hydatid Disease -Hydatid cysts are the larval stage of the tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. -Dogs are the main hosts. Man and sheep are intermediate hosts. -Hydatid disease is not uncommon amongst the mid-Wales farming communities, and up to 26% of farm dogs in this area have E. granulosus. -The incidence is also high in some regions of the Mediterranean, North...

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Coarctation of Aorta

 Coarctation of Aorta -A congenital narrowing of the aorta that may be pre- or post-ductal. -The preductal form is usually a long, narrow segment, and is associated with other cardiac defects. This type generally presents with heart failure before the age of 1 year and requires treatment in a pediatric cardiac surgical unit. -The postductal form, however, is often...

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Ludwig’s Angina

Ludwig’s Angina Definition and Causes: A rapidly spreading cellulitis of the floor of the mouth that can be produced by any infection. It involves the submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces. -Gram-positive cocci (usually streptococci), Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis are now the most common organisms, but sometimes gram-negative rods or anaerobes...

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Chiari Malformations

 Chiari Malformations -The Chiari malformation is a term encompassing a range of hindbrain maldevelopments. -Problems include underdevelopment of the cranial fossa and overcrowding of the normally developed hindbrain, the risks of descent of hindbrain structures below the foramen magnum, and intermittent obstruction to CSF outflow from the fourth ventricle. -There...

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Budd–Chiari Syndrome

 Budd–Chiari Syndrome -A syndrome caused by obstruction to the hepatic venous outflow and resulting in a clinical picture of hepatomegaly and portal hypertension. It may be secondary to hematological disorders, malignancy, oral contraceptives, heart failure, or constrictive pericarditis. -The three main sites of obstruction are:1-Inferior vena cava2-Large hepatic veins3-Small intrahepatic...

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Tachycardia during Anesthesia

Tachycardia during Anesthesia Definition: -Pulse rate greater than 100 beats/min. in adults Causes and Management: 1-Light anesthesia, Pain: -Hypertension, sweating, lacrimation, reactive pupils, movement  Treatment: Deepening the anesthesia, Analgesia  2-Drug induced: -Anticholinergic drugs, Catecholamines, Oxytocin  3-Hypovolemia: -Actual...

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