Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine Mechanism of Action: -It is an imidazole derivative and is a specific alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist that acts via post-synaptic alpha-2 receptors primarily in the locus ceruleus to increase conductance through K+ channels. Uses and Dose: -Its main actions are sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia -It is a clear, colorless isotonic solution containing 100...

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Sodium Nitroprusside Toxicity

Sodium Nitroprusside Toxicity: Mechanism of Action: After parenteral injection, sodium nitroprusside enters red blood cells, where it receives an electron from the iron (Fe⁺²) of oxyhemoglobin. This non-enzymatic electron transfer results in unstable nitroprusside radical and methemoglobin (Hb Fe⁺³). The former moiety spontaneously decomposes into five cyanide ions and...

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Drugs Avoided in Patients with Renal Failure

Drugs Avoided in Patients with Renal Failure ➧ The excretion of water-soluble drugs and their active metabolites will be impaired. For drugs that are renally excreted the half-life increases slowly with deteriorating renal function until severe nephron loss at which point the half-life increases sharply with further reductions in renal function. Dialysis can only...

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Drugs affecting IOP

Drugs affecting IOP ➧ Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) is between (10 - 20 mmHg). The average value of IOP is 15.5 mmHg with fluctuations of about 2.75 mmHg. ➧ IOP also varies with other factors such as heart rate, respiration, fluid intake, systemic medication, and topical drugs. ➧ Intraocular vascular tone is predominantly affected by CO₂; hypocarbia decreases...

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Drugs with Rebound Phenomenon

Drugs with Rebound Phenomenon ➧ The rebound effect, or rebound phenomenon, is the tendency of some medications, in sudden discontinuation, to cause a return of the symptoms it relieved, to a degree stronger than they were before treatment first began. Medications with a known rebound effect can be withdrawn gradually, or, in conjunction with another medication that...

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Ropivacaine (Naropin®)

Ropivacaine (Naropin®)➧ Ropivacaine is a long-acting amide local anesthetic (LA) drug. The name ropivacaine refers to both the racemic mixture and the marketed S-enantiomer. ➧ It produces effects similar to other LAs via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibers.Advantages: ➧ Ropivacaine is less lipophilic than bupivacaine and is less likely to penetrate...

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Fospropofol disodium (Lusedra®)

Fospropofol disodium (Lusedra®)Chemistry: ➧ The chemical nature of propofol is 2,6-diisopropyl phenol. When a phosphate group is added to this molecule, it results in the formation of water-soluble propofol that does not contain lipids, egg products, or preservatives, thereby eliminating the allergic, bacterial infections and hyperlipidemic concerns associated with propofol.  ➧...

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Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO₄)

Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO₄)Magnesium Physiology: ➧ Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is the second most abundant intracellular cation in the human body (potassium being the first). ➧ It has numerous physiological activities including activation of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, regulation of vasomotor tone, neurotransmission,...

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Sugammadex (Bridion®)

Cyclodextrins ➧ The starting point for encapsulating agents that used since 1953 as solubilizing agents and form low-affinity complexes with lipophilic drugs. ➧ γ-cyclodextrin: 8 sugar molecules forming a rigid ring with a central lipophilic cavity. ➧ Very water-soluble, not metabolized, renally excreted. Sugammadex (Bridion®) ➧ Sugammadex is a modified...

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