Ebstein’s Anomaly

Ebstein’s Anomaly -A rare congenital cardiac abnormality. -The septal and posterior cusps of the tricuspid valve are displaced downwards and are elongated, such that a varying amount of the right ventricle effectively forms part of the atrium. Its wall is thin and it contracts poorly. The remaining functional part of the right ventricle is therefore small. -The foramen...

Read More

Tetralogy of Fallot

 Tetralogy of Fallot -Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital cardiac abnormality. The primary defects are pulmonary infundibular stenosis and ventricular septal defect (VSD). The VSD is sufficiently large for the pressure in both ventricles to be equal to that of the aorta. The tetralogy is completed by two secondary features, a variable degree of overriding of the...

Read More

Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome -A rare syndrome of pulmonary hypertension associated with a reversed or bidirectional cardiac shunt, occurring through a large communication between the left and right sides of the heart. The defect may be interventricular, interatrial, or aortopulmonary. -The development of Eisenmenger’s syndrome, from the initial left to right shunt, is usually...

Read More

Coarctation of Aorta

 Coarctation of Aorta -A congenital narrowing of the aorta that may be pre- or post-ductal. -The preductal form is usually a long, narrow segment, and is associated with other cardiac defects. This type generally presents with heart failure before the age of 1 year and requires treatment in a pediatric cardiac surgical unit. -The postductal form, however, is often...

Read More