Complications while ETT in place

Complications while ETT is in place A) Obstruction of the endotracheal tube (ETT): Causes: 1-Accumulation of secretions in the tube  2-Kinking of the tube.B) Misplacement or migration of the ETT: ➧ A common complication and right mainstem intubation has been associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients.  ➧ Traditional methods of assuring proper tube position include:  -Observing bilateral...

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Hemodynamic effects of Laryngoscopy and TI

Hemodynamic effects of Laryngoscopy and TI Autonomic innervation and response of the airway: ➧ The area of the trachea and pharynx is richly innervated and involves both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. ➧ Following the mechanical stimulation of the upper respiratory tract (URT) (i.e. nose, epipharynx, laryngopharynx), the afferents are...

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Methods to stabilize ETT intracuff pressure

Methods to stabilize ETT intracuff pressure -The use of N₂O, which is well-known to diffuse into ETT cuffs, and the lack of frequent control of intracuff pressure (iPcuff) are the most important factors that contribute to the high incidence of excessive iPcuff during the perioperative period. Other factors, such as the diffusion of O₂ into the cuff and the warming of gases...

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Management of Pre-eclampsia

Management of Pre-eclampsia ➧ The main therapy for pre-eclampsia is to deliver the baby as soon as he/she is most prudent, to enhance maternal and fetal well-being.1-Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO₂): ➧ Magnesium sulfate has anti-seizure effects as well as being a vasodilator.  ➧ It decreases the pulsatility index in uterine, umbilical, and fetal arteries in women with...

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Complications of Pre-eclampsia

Complications of Pre-eclampsia ➧ The course of pre-eclampsia can be complicated by mild to severe coagulopathy even in the presence of a normal platelet count. ➧ Severe maternal complications include antepartum hemorrhage due to placental abruption, eclampsia, cerebrovascular accidents, organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).  ➧...

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Pathophysiological changes in Pre-eclampsia

Pathophysiological changes in Pre-eclampsia 1-Cardiovascular changes: ➧ Hypertension in pre-eclampsia is due to marked vasoconstriction because both cardiac output and arterial compliance are reduced. ➧ There is a reversal of the normal circadian rhythm, with the highest blood pressure now at night, and a loss of the normal pregnancy-associated refractoriness to...

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Classification and Pathogenesis of Pre-eclampsia

Classification and Pathogenesis of  Pre-eclampsia Classification of Pre-eclampsia:1. Mild Pre-eclampsia: Is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 90 mmHg on at least two occasions at least 6 hours apart after the 20th week of gestation in women known to be normotensive before pregnancy...

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Definition, Differentiation and Risk factors of Pre-eclampsia

Definition, Differentiation, and Risk factors of Pre-eclampsia Definition: ➧ Pre-eclampsia is a multi-systemic disease unique to human pregnancy. ➧ The term pre-eclampsia refers to the new onset of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in previously normotensive, non-proteinuric women i.e. there is an involvement of one or more...

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Accidental Subdural Injection of Local Anesthetics

Accidental Subdural Injection of Local Anesthetics Predisposing factors: 1-Difficult epidural block.  2-Previous back surgery.  3-Recent lumbar puncture (CSF leak through epidural rent leading to distended subdural space).  4-Rotation of the epidural needle in epidural space through an arc of 180°.  5-Prolonged epidural catheterization. ...

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