Steps of Systematic Research

 Systematic Research follows certain steps that are logical and in order.These steps are:1- Understanding the nature of the problem to be studied and identifying the related area of knowledge.2- Reviewing literature to understand how others have approached or dealt with the problem.3- Collecting data organized and controlled to arrive at valid decisions.4- Analyzing data...

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Ultrasound Artifacts

Ultrasound Artifacts 1-Reverberation artifact: ➧ The processing unit in the ultrasound machine assumes echoes return directly to the processor from the point of reflection.  ➧ Depth is calculated as D = V × T, where V is the speed of sound in biological tissue and is assumed to be 1,540 m/sec, and T is time.  ➧ In a reverberation artifact, the...

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Laryngeal Mask Airway

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) 1-The LMA-Classic™: -It is a reusable LMA™ airway for general anesthesia. -The LMA-Classic™ is available in eight sizes: (1, 1½, 2, 2½, 3, 4, 5, and 6). Advantages: -A safe and effective alternative to the endotracheal tube and the facemask. -Over 100 million uses worldwide. -Leaves the anesthetist's hands free to attend, to monitoring and...

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

 Rheumatoid Arthritis: A common, autoimmune connective tissue disease, primarily involving joints, but with widespread systemic effects. There are hypergamma-globulinemia and rheumatoid factors, which are autoantibodies of IgE, IgA, and IgM classes. Preoperative abnormalities: 1. Articular problems: -The joint disease involves inflammation, formation of granulation...

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Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver disease

Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver Disease Preoperative: 1. Assess the Degree of hepatic impairment, Severity, and Hepatic reserve by the Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system. 2. AVOID: Premedication, IM injections, Contact with blood or body fluids, unnecessary esophageal instrumentation. Regional Anesthesia: -Regional anesthesia might be used when possible...

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IV Fluids

IV Fluids A) Crystalloid solutions (< 30 000 Dalton): 1-Hypotonic solutions: - D5W, ½ NS, D5 ¼ NS, D5 ½ NS. 2-Isotonic solutions: - NS, Ringer’s, Lactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s), Ringer’s acetate. 3-Hypertonic solutions: - NaCl (3%, 7.5%), Mannitol (10%, 20%), NaHCO3 (5%, 7.5%, 8.4%). B) Colloid solutions (> 30 000 Dalton): 1-Blood derived: - Human albumin...

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Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) -Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by length-dependent degeneration of the motor and sensory nerve fibers, with a prevalence of 1 in 2,500 (about 200,000 patients in the European Union). -Anesthesia is administered to this population more frequently than to normal people, as CMT patients often need...

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