Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy

Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy Principle: -The exact mechanism of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is unknown. Electrical stimuli (electroconvulsive shock) are usually administered until a therapeutic generalized seizure is induced (30–60 sec. in duration). -A good therapeutic effect is generally not achieved until a total of 400–700 seizures have been induced,...

Read More

Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding

Post-Tonsillectomy BleedingIncidence and Initial Management:-The incidence of post-tonsillectomy bleeding ranges from 2% to 4%. It is more common in teenagers and young adults than in small children. The vast majority of postoperative bleeding occurs between days 5 and 10 when the eschar separates from the tonsil beds. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in the immediate postoperative...

Read More

Multiple Sclerosis

 Multiple Sclerosis -Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating neurological disease. -The myelin surrounding an axon may develop normally and be lost later, but leaving the axon preserved. Alternatively, there may be some defect in the original formation of myelin as a result of an error in metabolism. -Multiple sclerosis is thought to be autoimmune...

Read More

Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) I. Catheter-Related Complications: -The hyperosmolarity of the dextrose and amino acid solutions requires infusion through large veins or central venous lines. 1-Misdirected Catheter: e.g., with subclavian vein cannulations – (mostly on the right) 10% resulted in misplacement of the catheter in the internal jugular vein. 2-Infection 3-Hematoma 4-Thrombosis II. Carbohydrate...

Read More

Tetralogy of Fallot

 Tetralogy of Fallot -Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital cardiac abnormality. The primary defects are pulmonary infundibular stenosis and ventricular septal defect (VSD). The VSD is sufficiently large for the pressure in both ventricles to be equal to that of the aorta. The tetralogy is completed by two secondary features, a variable degree of overriding of the...

Read More

Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome -A rare syndrome of pulmonary hypertension associated with a reversed or bidirectional cardiac shunt, occurring through a large communication between the left and right sides of the heart. The defect may be interventricular, interatrial, or aortopulmonary. -The development of Eisenmenger’s syndrome, from the initial left to right shunt, is usually...

Read More

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

 Goodpasture’s Syndrome -A rapidly progressive syndrome of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage, in association with antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) type IV collagen, detectable in plasma by radioimmunoassay and by immunofluorescence techniques on muscle biopsy. -These antibodies cross-react with the alveolar basement membrane, although...

Read More

Gilbert’s Disease

Gilbert’s Disease (Idiopathic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia) -An autosomal dominant, benign condition, in which there is a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin, without either structural liver disease or hemolytic anemia. -It possibly results from an impaired uptake and conjugation of bilirubin, secondary to a deficiency of UDP glucuronyl transferase. -The diagnosis...

Read More