Ultrasound Artifacts

Ultrasound Artifacts 1-Reverberation artifact: ➧ The processing unit in the ultrasound machine assumes echoes return directly to the processor from the point of reflection.  ➧ Depth is calculated as D = V × T, where V is the speed of sound in biological tissue and is assumed to be 1,540 m/sec, and T is time.  ➧ In a reverberation artifact, the...

Read More

Laryngeal Mask Airway

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) 1-The LMA-Classic™: -It is a reusable LMA™ airway for general anesthesia. -The LMA-Classic™ is available in eight sizes: (1, 1½, 2, 2½, 3, 4, 5, and 6). Advantages: -A safe and effective alternative to the endotracheal tube and the facemask. -Over 100 million uses worldwide. -Leaves the anesthetist's hands free to attend, to monitoring and...

Read More

Rheumatoid Arthritis

 Rheumatoid Arthritis: A common, autoimmune connective tissue disease, primarily involving joints, but with widespread systemic effects. There are hypergamma-globulinemia and rheumatoid factors, which are autoantibodies of IgE, IgA, and IgM classes. Preoperative abnormalities: 1. Articular problems: -The joint disease involves inflammation, formation of granulation...

Read More

Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver disease

Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver Disease Preoperative: 1. Assess the Degree of hepatic impairment, Severity, and Hepatic reserve by the Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system. 2. AVOID: Premedication, IM injections, Contact with blood or body fluids, unnecessary esophageal instrumentation. Regional Anesthesia: -Regional anesthesia might be used when possible...

Read More