Cell (Blood) Salvage

Cell (Blood) Salvage Definition: -Cell (blood) salvage is a process in which a patient’s own (lost) blood is collected, processed, and transfused back (‘Autologous’ blood transfusion), which is done by a cell saver machine. Principle: 1-Collection of blood: blood is suctioned from the operative field, and then heparinized saline is added, filtered, and centrifuged to separate...

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Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine Mechanism of Action: -It is an imidazole derivative and is a specific alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist that acts via post-synaptic alpha-2 receptors primarily in the locus ceruleus to increase conductance through K+ channels. Uses and Dose: -Its main actions are sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia -It is a clear, colorless isotonic solution containing 100...

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Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy

Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy Principle: -The exact mechanism of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is unknown. Electrical stimuli (electroconvulsive shock) are usually administered until a therapeutic generalized seizure is induced (30–60 sec. in duration). -A good therapeutic effect is generally not achieved until a total of 400–700 seizures have been induced,...

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Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding

Post-Tonsillectomy BleedingIncidence and Initial Management:-The incidence of post-tonsillectomy bleeding ranges from 2% to 4%. It is more common in teenagers and young adults than in small children. The vast majority of postoperative bleeding occurs between days 5 and 10 when the eschar separates from the tonsil beds. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in the immediate postoperative...

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Multiple Sclerosis

 Multiple Sclerosis -Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating neurological disease. -The myelin surrounding an axon may develop normally and be lost later, but leaving the axon preserved. Alternatively, there may be some defect in the original formation of myelin as a result of an error in metabolism. -Multiple sclerosis is thought to be autoimmune...

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Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) I. Catheter-Related Complications: -The hyperosmolarity of the dextrose and amino acid solutions requires infusion through large veins or central venous lines. 1-Misdirected Catheter: e.g., with subclavian vein cannulations – (mostly on the right) 10% resulted in misplacement of the catheter in the internal jugular vein. 2-Infection 3-Hematoma 4-Thrombosis II. Carbohydrate...

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Tetralogy of Fallot

 Tetralogy of Fallot -Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital cardiac abnormality. The primary defects are pulmonary infundibular stenosis and ventricular septal defect (VSD). The VSD is sufficiently large for the pressure in both ventricles to be equal to that of the aorta. The tetralogy is completed by two secondary features, a variable degree of overriding of the...

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Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome -A rare syndrome of pulmonary hypertension associated with a reversed or bidirectional cardiac shunt, occurring through a large communication between the left and right sides of the heart. The defect may be interventricular, interatrial, or aortopulmonary. -The development of Eisenmenger’s syndrome, from the initial left to right shunt, is usually...

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