Ebstein’s Anomaly

Ebstein’s Anomaly -A rare congenital cardiac abnormality. -The septal and posterior cusps of the tricuspid valve are displaced downwards and are elongated, such that a varying amount of the right ventricle effectively forms part of the atrium. Its wall is thin and it contracts poorly. The remaining functional part of the right ventricle is therefore small. -The foramen...

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Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)- It is a complication of some forms of fertility medication. Most cases are mild, but small proportions are severe.Causative Medications:- Associated with the injection of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is used for inducing final oocyte maturation and/or triggering oocyte release.- The risk is further increased...

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Oculo-cardiac Reflex and Oculo-respiratory Reflex

Oculo-cardiac Reflex and Oculo-respiratory Reflex 1-Oculo-cardiac Reflex Definition: Bradycardia following traction on the extraocular muscles, especially the medial rectus. The reflex is particularly active in children. Bradycardia may be severe and may lead to asystole. Other arrhythmias may occur, e.g. ventricular ectopics or junctional rhythm. Bradycardia may also...

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Jugular Venous Oximetry

Jugular Venous Oximetry (JVO) -It provides insight into the metabolic and oxygenation state of the brain. -It provides information about the balance of oxygen supply and demand, for a larger portion, if not the complete brain. Indications: -During cardiopulmonary bypass -Neurosurgery -After traumatic brain injury.Figure 1: JVO Catheterization Technique Technique: -A...

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Cell (Blood) Salvage

Cell (Blood) Salvage Definition: -Cell (blood) salvage is a process in which a patient’s own (lost) blood is collected, processed, and transfused back (‘Autologous’ blood transfusion), which is done by a cell saver machine. Principle: 1-Collection of blood: blood is suctioned from the operative field, and then heparinized saline is added, filtered, and centrifuged to separate...

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Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine Mechanism of Action: -It is an imidazole derivative and is a specific alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist that acts via post-synaptic alpha-2 receptors primarily in the locus ceruleus to increase conductance through K+ channels. Uses and Dose: -Its main actions are sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia -It is a clear, colorless isotonic solution containing 100...

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Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy

Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy Principle: -The exact mechanism of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is unknown. Electrical stimuli (electroconvulsive shock) are usually administered until a therapeutic generalized seizure is induced (30–60 sec. in duration). -A good therapeutic effect is generally not achieved until a total of 400–700 seizures have been induced,...

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Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding

Post-Tonsillectomy BleedingIncidence and Initial Management:-The incidence of post-tonsillectomy bleeding ranges from 2% to 4%. It is more common in teenagers and young adults than in small children. The vast majority of postoperative bleeding occurs between days 5 and 10 when the eschar separates from the tonsil beds. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in the immediate postoperative...

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