Budd–Chiari Syndrome

 Budd–Chiari Syndrome -A syndrome caused by obstruction to the hepatic venous outflow and resulting in a clinical picture of hepatomegaly and portal hypertension. It may be secondary to hematological disorders, malignancy, oral contraceptives, heart failure, or constrictive pericarditis. -The three main sites of obstruction are:1-Inferior vena cava2-Large hepatic veins3-Small intrahepatic...

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Tachycardia during Anesthesia

Tachycardia during Anesthesia Definition: -Pulse rate greater than 100 beats/min. in adults Causes and Management: 1-Light anesthesia, Pain: -Hypertension, sweating, lacrimation, reactive pupils, movement  Treatment: Deepening the anesthesia, Analgesia  2-Drug induced: -Anticholinergic drugs, Catecholamines, Oxytocin  3-Hypovolemia: -Actual...

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Bradycardia during Anesthesia

Bradycardia during Anesthesia Definition:-Pulse rate less than 60 beats/min. in adults -Pulse rate less than 80 beats/min. in infants -Pulse rate less than 100 beats/min. in neonates Causes and Management: 1-Hypoxia:-Late response is bradycardia Treatment: -Of the cause, Oxygenation, Anticholinergics 2-Drug induced:-High-concentration volatile anesthetics, Opioids,...

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Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal Achalasia Definition: A chronic, progressive motor disorder of the esophagus associated with degenerative changes in the myenteric ganglia and vagal nuclei.Components: There are three components: 1-Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, with an increased resting sphincter pressure, which together results in a functional obstruction 2-Absence of...

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Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)

Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) ➧ Fat embolism can be difficult to diagnose. It most often follows a closed fracture of a long bone but there are many other causes. Epidemiology: ➧ Incidence of this complication ranges from 0.5 to 11% in different studies. It varies considerably according to the cause. Patients with fractures involving the middle and proximal parts of the...

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Porphyric Crisis

Porphyric Crisis (Acute Neurovisceral Crisis)  Background:  -The porphyrias are caused by enzyme deficiencies in the heme production pathway. Such deficiencies may be due to inborn errors of metabolism or exposure to environmental toxins or infectious agents. -The disease was named porphyria due to the red discoloration of urine in affected patients, (Figure...

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Treacher Collins Syndrome

Treacher Collins Syndrome: -A craniofacial defect associated with developmental anomalies of the first arch.  -Abnormalities vary from minimal, to complete syndrome.  -The syndrome is named after Edward Treacher Collins, an English surgeon and ophthalmologist, who described its essential traits in 1900.  -Patients may require anesthesia for...

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Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome (BCIS)

Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome (BCIS) Bone Cement constituents: -Bone cement is an acrylic polymer that is formed by mixing two sterile components:  a) Powder: 1-Polymer: Polymethyl methacrylate/co-polymer (PMMA)  2-Initiator: Benzoyl peroxide (BPO)  b) Liquid: 1-Monomer: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)  2-Accelerator: N, N-Dimethyl para-toluidine...

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