Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal Achalasia Definition: A chronic, progressive motor disorder of the esophagus associated with degenerative changes in the myenteric ganglia and vagal nuclei.Components: There are three components: 1-Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, with an increased resting sphincter pressure, which together results in a functional obstruction 2-Absence of...

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Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)

Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) ➧ Fat embolism can be difficult to diagnose. It most often follows a closed fracture of a long bone but there are many other causes. Epidemiology: ➧ Incidence of this complication ranges from 0.5 to 11% in different studies. It varies considerably according to the cause. Patients with fractures involving the middle and proximal parts of the...

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Porphyric Crisis

Porphyric Crisis (Acute Neurovisceral Crisis)  Background:  -The porphyrias are caused by enzyme deficiencies in the heme production pathway. Such deficiencies may be due to inborn errors of metabolism or exposure to environmental toxins or infectious agents. -The disease was named porphyria due to the red discoloration of urine in affected patients, (Figure...

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Treacher Collins Syndrome

Treacher Collins Syndrome: -A craniofacial defect associated with developmental anomalies of the first arch.  -Abnormalities vary from minimal, to complete syndrome.  -The syndrome is named after Edward Treacher Collins, an English surgeon and ophthalmologist, who described its essential traits in 1900.  -Patients may require anesthesia for...

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Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome (BCIS)

Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome (BCIS) Bone Cement constituents: -Bone cement is an acrylic polymer that is formed by mixing two sterile components:  a) Powder: 1-Polymer: Polymethyl methacrylate/co-polymer (PMMA)  2-Initiator: Benzoyl peroxide (BPO)  b) Liquid: 1-Monomer: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)  2-Accelerator: N, N-Dimethyl para-toluidine...

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CHARGE Syndrome

Anesthetic Management of Pt. with CHARGE Syndrome Definition: ➧ A syndrome characterized by:  1-Coloboma of the eye (Figure 1)  2-Heart defects (ASD, VSD, PDA, TOF, Rt. Aortic arch, Double outlet Rt. ventricle)  3-Atresia of the choanae (Figure 2)  4-Retarded growth development and/or central nervous system abnormalities  Severe...

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Sodium Nitroprusside Toxicity

Sodium Nitroprusside Toxicity: Mechanism of Action: After parenteral injection, sodium nitroprusside enters red blood cells, where it receives an electron from the iron (Fe⁺²) of oxyhemoglobin. This non-enzymatic electron transfer results in unstable nitroprusside radical and methemoglobin (Hb Fe⁺³). The former moiety spontaneously decomposes into five cyanide ions and...

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Carcinoid Crisis

Carcinoid Crisis Definition: -Carcinoid crisis is the most serious and life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome and is generally found in people who already have carcinoid syndrome. -Carcinoid crisis occurs when all of the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome come at the same time.  Causes: ➧ Spontaneous  ➧ Precipitating factors:  -Stress,...

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