Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency Causes: ➧ Usually presents as an acute process in a patient with underlying chronic adrenal insufficiency ➧ Causes of Primary adrenal insufficiency:    - Auto-immune    - TB of adrenals    - Metastatic malignancy to adrenals ➧ Causes of Secondary or Tertiary adrenal insufficiency    - Pituitary or hypothalamic disease ➧ Acute destruction of the adrenals...

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Pituitary Apoplexy

Pituitary ApoplexyClinical Setting: ➧ Hemorrhagic infarction of a pituitary adenoma/tumor. ➧ Sudden crisis in a patient with a known or previously unknown pituitary tumor. ➧ It may occur in a normal gland during and after childbirth, with head trauma, or in a patient on anticoagulation therapy.  ➧ Sheehan’s Syndrome: -Refers to pituitary apoplexy of the...

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Pheochromocytoma Crisis

Pheochromocytoma Crisis Causes: ➧ The action of unopposed high circulating levels of catecholamines - α - receptors: Pressor response - β - receptors: positive ino- and chrono-topic Precipitating factors: ➧ Spontaneous ➧ Hemorrhage into pheochromocytoma ➧ Exercise ➧ Pressure on the abdomen ➧ Urination ➧ Drugs: glucagon, naloxone, metoclopramide,...

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Burn Fluid Resuscitation Formulas

Burn Fluid Resuscitation Formulas 1-Harkins formula (1942) Initial 24 hours: ➧ 1000 ml plasma/10% burn Used in patients with ≥ 10% burn. 2-Body weight burn budget (1947) Initial 24 hours: ➧ Ringer's lactate (RL) solution 1-4 L + 1200ml NS + 7.5% body weight colloid + 1.5-5 L D5W. Next 24 hours:  ➧ RL 1-4 L + 1200ml NS + 2.5%body weight colloid + 1.5-5 L D5W. 3-Evans formula (1952) Initial 24 hours: ➧ 0.9% saline at 1 ml/kg/%...

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Ropivacaine (Naropin®)

Ropivacaine (Naropin®)➧ Ropivacaine is a long-acting amide local anesthetic (LA) drug. The name ropivacaine refers to both the racemic mixture and the marketed S-enantiomer. ➧ It produces effects similar to other LAs via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibers.Advantages: ➧ Ropivacaine is less lipophilic than bupivacaine and is less likely to penetrate...

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Down's Syndrome

Anesthetic Management of Down's Syndrome➧ This well-known syndrome, with characteristic morphological features and mental retardation, results from the chromosomal abnormality, trisomy 21. ➧ Anesthetic risk is increased in these children. Indeed, the mortality is increased at any stage of life, but improved medical and nursing care means that many more individuals...

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Propofol Related Infusion Syndrome (PRIS)

Propofol Related Infusion Syndrome (PRIS)➧ It is a rare syndrome that affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of the anesthetic and sedative drug propofol.  ➧ It is associated with high doses and long-term use of propofol (>4 mg/kg/hr for more than 24 hours). It occurs more commonly in children, and critically ill patients receiving...

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Central Anticholinergic Syndrome

Central Anticholinergic Syndrome ➧ Many of the drugs used in anesthesia and intensive care may cause blockage of the central cholinergic neurotransmission. ➧ Acetylcholine is of significance in the modulation of the interaction among most other central transmitters. Causes: 1- Overdose of anticholinergic drugs: e.g. Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate 2- Overdose of drugs that possess an anticholinergic activity: e.g....

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