Tetralogy of Fallot

 Tetralogy of Fallot -Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital cardiac abnormality. The primary defects are pulmonary infundibular stenosis and ventricular septal defect (VSD). The VSD is sufficiently large for the pressure in both ventricles to be equal to that of the aorta. The tetralogy is completed by two secondary features, a variable degree of overriding of the...

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Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome -A rare syndrome of pulmonary hypertension associated with a reversed or bidirectional cardiac shunt, occurring through a large communication between the left and right sides of the heart. The defect may be interventricular, interatrial, or aortopulmonary. -The development of Eisenmenger’s syndrome, from the initial left to right shunt, is usually...

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Goodpasture’s Syndrome

 Goodpasture’s Syndrome -A rapidly progressive syndrome of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage, in association with antibodies to glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) type IV collagen, detectable in plasma by radioimmunoassay and by immunofluorescence techniques on muscle biopsy. -These antibodies cross-react with the alveolar basement membrane, although...

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